According to the General Chairperson of the National Federation for the Welfare of the Mentally Disabled (FNKCM), Sunartini Hapsara, in 2007, the number of mentally disabled people in Indonesia reached 6.6 million people, or around 3% of the total population at that time.
Why is this type of mental retardation the largest in Indonesia. Is there a root cause and cause? Is there an influence of the effects of genetic abnormalities of parents or others?
Children with intellectual disabilities ( ABK) are children with intellectual disabilities or mental retardation (mental retardation). Their schools are usually called SLB C.
Also read: Why do SLB ABK for the Deaf and Mentally Disabled have the Most Students?
Characteristics: Difficulty in abstract thinking, learning, and problem solving.
Curriculum: Tailored to individual abilities, more practice than theory.
Examples of specialized learning: Learning based on daily living activities and vocational skills.
Mental retardation is the most common type of disability found in Indonesia.
There are several main factors that are the root cause, including genetic, environmental, and social factors. Here is a further explanation:
1. Genetic and Heredity Factors
Genetic Disorders:
Some conditions such as Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, and phenylketonuria (PKU) are examples of genetic disorders that cause mental retardation.
Family History:
If there are members in the family with intellectual developmental disorders, the risk for subsequent offspring is increased.
Close Relative Marriage (Consanguinity):
In some areas, marriage between close relatives can increase the risk of genetic disorders that cause intellectual disabilities.
Also read: Schools and Institutions That Serve Children with Special Needs (ABK)
2. Pregnancy and Birth Factors
Lack of Nutrition During Pregnancy:
Lack of iodine, folic acid, or iron during pregnancy can interfere with fetal brain development and cause intellectual disabilities.
Infections During Pregnancy:
Diseases such as rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, and HIV/AIDS in pregnant women can cause fetal brain disorders.
Exposure to Harmful Substances:
Consumption of alcohol, drugs, or exposure to pesticides and heavy metals during pregnancy can cause birth defects, including mental retardation.
Complications During Delivery:
Asphyxia (lack of oxygen at birth), premature birth, or head trauma during delivery can damage the baby's brain and cause intellectual disabilities.
Also read: Choice of Reading Patterns for Letters in Tarawih Prayers 20 Rakaat and 8 Rakaat
3. Environmental Factors and Parenting Patterns
Lack of Early Stimulation:
Children who do not receive enough cognitive and social stimulation in early childhood are at risk of experiencing intellectual delays.
Malnutrition and Stunting:
Malnutrition in infants and toddlers, especially iodine and iron deficiencies, affects brain development.
Exposure to Heavy Metals and Pollution:
Lead (Pb) contamination from air and water pollution can interfere with children's brain development.
4. Brain Diseases and Injuries After Birth
Brain Infections:
Meningitis and encephalitis can cause brain damage that can affect a child's intelligence.
Head Injury:
Accidents, domestic violence, or a severe blow to the head can result in permanent intellectual impairment.
5. Social and Economic Factors
Poverty and Limited Access to Health Care:
In poor areas, pregnant women are often malnourished and do not receive adequate health services, increasing the risk of mental retardation in children.
Lack of Parental Education:
Parents who lack understanding of the importance of nutrition, vaccination, and early stimulation tend to have children with lower intellectual development.
Conclusion
Mental retardation in Indonesia is often caused by a combination of genetic factors, malnutrition, pregnancy and childbirth complications, and socio-economic conditions. The main causes are lack of nutrition (especially iodine and iron), infection during pregnancy, and lack of intellectual stimulation in children. Therefore, prevention of mental retardation requires intervention before pregnancy, starting from improving the nutrition of pregnant women, immunization, to better child care.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar